Spanking, a form of corporal punishment, is a common practice in many cultures, with approximately 85% of American parents reporting that they have spanked their children at some point. Similarly, lupus is a relatively common autoimmune disease, affecting an estimated 1.5 million people in the United States and 5 million worldwide.

Chronic inflammation causes the immune system to lose its ability to distinguish between invaders and the body’s own cells.

Higher baseline levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a key marker of systemic inflammation.

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