Revenue vs. Capital receipts, Fiscal/Primary deficits, and the role of the budget in the economy. 11. Foreign Exchange12. Balance of Payments

Analysis of consumption and saving functions (MPC, MPS, APC, APS).

The 2025-26 board exams will include 20-25% competency-based questions. The new edition integrates "Case Study Based Questions" at the end of every chapter, simulating real-world scenarios like the RBI’s repo rate changes or the calculation of GDP deflators using current inflation data.

Before concluding, here are some final, actionable points to help you make the best use of this resource:

Create a formula sheet for aggregates (