Hardie, L.A., Grotzinger, J.P., & Bosak, T. (2025). Origin of Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks: New Perspectives from Geomicrobiology and Isotope Geochemistry (2nd ed.) [PDF]. SEPM Carbonate Research Group. https://doi.org/10.2110/carb.2025.origin.new
The shelf-to-basin transition defines the geometry of carbonate bodies. On protected inner shelves, lagoons collect fine-grained mud and peloids. On the high-energy shelf margin, reefs and ooid shoals form massive, porous structures. Beyond the margin, the carbonate slope and deep basin receive "pelagic rain," consisting of the shells of planktonic organisms like foraminifera and coccolithophores. The Mystery of Dolomitization
Massive, cratonic interior seas, mostly absent in the modern world due to low sea levels.
Carbonate sedimentation is broadly classified into distinct ecological and chemical regimes, known as carbonate factories.
Grainstones/packstones at rim; wackestones/mudstones in lagoon. Great Barrier Reef; Belize Shelf.
Steep slope; protected quiet lagoon behind a continuous outer reef or ooid shoal barrier.
To properly analyze their origin, geologists rely on two foundational classification schemes:
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